Reasons For The Fall Of Mughal Empire

How Atoms Form Ionic Bond

BY: Sohail Khan Luni
visit: sohailkhanluni.blogspot.com

Muslim Scientists And Their Achievements

1:-MUSA-AL-KHAWARZIMI:-(780-847 A.D)

ACHIEVEMENTS:-
1:-He composed oldest work on maths,aljebra and trignometry.
2:-He wrote terties on aljebra.
3:-He was considered as an authority in mathametics.
4:-He also worked on geography.
5:-He was an outstanding astronomer.

FAMOUS BOOKS:-
1:- HISAB-AL-JABAR WAL MUQABALA
2:- AL JAMA WA TAFRIQ
3:- HISAB AL-HINDI.


[B]2:-JABAR BIN HAYAN;-(721-815 A.D)

ACHIEVEMENTS:-
1:-Father of modern chemistry.
2:-Discovered sulphuric acid,nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.
3:-He discovered the processes like crystalization,reduction and calcination.
4:- He also prepared methods of leather,steel and dying of cloth.
5:-He also wrote treties on chemistry.

FAMOUS BOOKS;-
1:-KITAB-AL-RAHMAH
2;-KITAB-AL-TAJMI
3:-COMPOSITION OF ALCHEMY.


3:-AL-KINDI(BORN IN 20TH CENTURY):-

ACHIEVEMENTS:-
1:-He wote treaties on geometrical and physiological optics.
2:-He ascertain law govern the fall of bodies.
3:-He worked on waves,tides and weights.
4:-HIS other works are on reflection of light and optics.

HIS TREATISES:-
1:-DE ASPECTIBUS
2:-DE MEDICINARUM COMPSITARUM GRADIBUS.


4:-ZAKARIYA AL -RAZI:-(865-925) known as RAZES inthe west.

ACHIEVEMENTS:-
1:-He is known as father of pedeiatrics.
2:-He believed in 5 principles in metaphysics creator, soul,matter,times and space.
3:-He clssify chemical substances.
4:-He was the first scientist to classify substances in to vegetables,animals and minerals.
5:-He was the most brilliant pillar of islamic medicine along with ibne sina.

FAMOUS BOOKS:-
1:-AL HAWI
2;- KITAB-AL-MANSURI
3:-KITAB-AL-ASRAR


5:-ABU ALI SINA(980-1037 A.D) AVICENNA in the west.

ACHIEVEMENTS:-
1:-He also contributed in medical science along with al razi.
2:-He wsa the first to use intervesical injection during operation.
3:-He was the first to use catheaters of animal skin.
5:-He also worked on astronomy and logic.

FAMOUS BOOKS;-
1:-AL QANON FI AL TIBB
2:-ASH-SHFA
3:-AN-NIJAT

To Be Continued........

BY: Sohail Khan Luni
visit: sohailkhanluni.blogspot.com

MANGROVES:-

A Mangrove is a tree, shrub, palm, or ground fern, generally exceeding one half metre in height, that normally grows above mean sea level in the intertidal zone of marine coastal environments and estuarine margins.

Mangrove Species In Pakistan:

1) Bruguiera gymnorhiza

2) Ceriops tagal

3) Ceriops decendra

4) Rhizophora apiculata

5) Rhizophora mucronata

6) Avicennia marina

7) Sonneratia caseolaris

BY: Sohail Khan Luni

visit: sohailkhanluni.blogspot.com

Benefits Of Mangroves:

They protect vulnerable coastlines from wave action because they hold the soil together and prevent coastal erosion. Mangroves shield inland areas during storms and minimize damage. For Example, during 2005 tsunami in Asia, there were no deaths in areas which had mangrove forests, compared to those areas without.

BY: Sohail Khan Luni

visit: sohailkhanluni.blogspot.com

Function Of Mangroves:

BY: Sohail Khan Luni
visit: sohailkhanluni.blogspot.com

Mangrove's Ecosystem:

BY: Sohail Khan Luni
visit: sohailkhanluni.blogspot.com

Advantages and Disadvantages of Monsoon

Advantages

• Level of dams rises
• There will be no electricity crises
• More irrigation water is available for crops
• Temperature becomes cool and pleasant

Disadvantages

• Causes Trains delay
• Air Flights canceling
• Educational Institutions become close
• It may result flooding in many areas
• Destroys the crops
  

Q: How successful has been the promotion of local languages in Pakistan been since 1947? Give reasons for your answer. [14]

ANS: Since 1947, the Pakistan government has took strong measures for the development and promotion of its regional languages, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto and Balochi, though some others like Brohi, Persian, Kashmiri and Siraiki are also

spoken.

Punjabi, which is widely understood in Punjab, Azad Kashmir and few areas of N.W.F.P, has been promoted by the Govt. through media. Punjabi films, dramas and theatres have been become very popular. Newspaper, journals and magazines

have also been very significant in promoting Punjabi culture & literature. New poets and writers like Munir Niazi, Ahmad Rahi, S.Kunjahi, Ashfaq Ahmad, Bano Qudsia and others have produce master pieces of poetry and writings in Punjabi. The Holy Quran has also been translated into Punjabi by M.Ali Faiq. Punjabi is taught up to MA level in Punjab University and Punjab Academy has translated and produced many books in Punjabi. This way round its promotion is quite significant.

Pashto, language spoken in N.W.F.P, has also been given due important in promotion and development. Peshawar University was established after 3 year of independence where Pashto is taught up to MA level. Pashto Academy was set up in 1954 which has prepared a well-renowned dictionary under Maulana A.Qadir. Pashto dramas and films have also gained importance. Pashto papers, journals and books have also helped Pashto language to promote. New writers & poets have also added to this contribution by producing classic poetry and stories Pashto typewriter has also been prepared. Hence Pashto has greatly been promoted over the year.

Sindhi, spoken in Sindh, have also been nourished and nurtured through promotion and development since 1947. Sindhi literary board was set up in 1948 which had produced many books with coordination of poets like F.N Bux and G. Allone. Sindhi library in Karachi has helped Sindhi literature spread. Many folk

writings have also been produced. Bazm-e-Talib-ul-Muola have been set up which translates books into Sindhi. Sindhiology Dept. in Jamshoro University and development & promotion of Sindhi literature and culture through modern means.

Example: TV, radio, newspapers e.t.c.

Balochi language which was at its decline before partition was given special attention for its promotion. Radio Pak Karachi now also broadcast in Balochi. Quetta TV centre have been producing marvelous dramas to help, develop and translate many books to Balochi and new poets like Atta Shad and writers have

greatly contributed towards its promotion.

Thus, Pakistan has been very successful in promotion of its local languages. These languages have developed a lot due to Government policies designed for this purpose. On the other hand, poets & writers have also aided in this promotion and

development.

BY. Sohail Khan Luni
visit: sohailkhanluni.blogspot.com

Q: Why did Pakistan choose Urdu as its national language in 1947? [7]

ANS: One of the reasons why Urdu became the national language in Pakistan is its
long history. It was widely used in Mughal period and dates back as far as the
sultans of Delhi. In its early stages it was used by the Muslim armies and became
widely spoken and understood in many parts of the sub-continent. So it was natural
that such a well-known and established language would be chosen.
Another reason for Urdu being chosen was its high status. Some of the finest early
poets such as Amir Khusrou wrote in Urdu and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s school at
Aligarh became a centre for Urdu study. Many religious books, including the
Quran, were translated into Urdu. So it was considered an important language with
a rich literary tradition.
Perhaps the major reason for Urdu being chosen was the fact that it was so closely
associated with the Pakistan Movement. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan supported it and the
Muslim league was formed not only to defend Muslim interests, but also to protect
Urdu. The Quaid-e-Azam was particularly keen to promote Urdu as he saw it was it
as a unifying force. Since Pakistan was a new country, it was very appropriate to
pick a language which had played a part in unifying Muslims.
BY. Sohail Khan Luni

visit: sohailkhanluni.blogspot.com